25 Best Restaurants In Thailand: A Delight For The Taste Buds

 In Holidays, Honeymoon, Thailand, Travel

In the bustling streets of Bangkok, when you smell the intoxicating aroma around you. Stop just right there. You are at the right place. 

The culinary adventure comes from here! The sizzling street food with various options will gratify the senses like never before. 

As your hunger buds rest, you will know what more Thailand offers you. Thailand trip packages are a visual delight and a treat for the taste buds. There is a lot to see and do that you’ll feel like you are on a party land 24×7.

Do you Know? Thailand is also known as the “ Land of Smiles”, leaving every traveller happy with its exquisite culture. As you wander the streets, your senses will be awakened by the vibrant colours of the fruits and the herbs, tantalising the Thai spices. 

Thailand’s secret is that they cook the meal with pleasure, be it the local street food or the extravagant dining experience. They create a symphony of flavours for every mood with just a handful of ingredients. Every dish perfectly blends sweet, salty, sour, and spicy. 

You can discover elegant restaurants near the historic temples with elevated traditional dishes and diverse art forms. Each meal is a cultural journey and a testament to the Thai people’s passion for food, and they take pride in serving the culinary traditions. 

Whether you’re savouring the delicate flavours of a fragrant green curry in Chiang Mai’s lush hills, enjoying a seafood feast by the turquoise waters of Phuket, or sharing stories over a communal hot pot in bustling Bangkok, Thailand’s restaurants are a gateway to the soul.

Join us on this enchanting journey through Thailand’s diverse dining landscape, where each restaurant is a chapter in a delicious story waiting to be savoured. 

Restaurants In Thailand: Where Every Meal Is Cooked With Absolute Pleasure

1. Gaggan Anand

gaggan-anand-restaurants-in-thailand
Image Source : Gaggan Anand

It’s time to add luxury to your Thailand escape at the Gaggan Restaurant. This is not an ordinary restaurant; here’s why we’re saying it – The restaurant, although one of the best restaurants in Thailand, is also featured in the list of the 50 Best Restaurants In The World, giving you the perfect reason to try it. 

What’s more? The restaurant has a minimalist and intimate ambience, providing the perfect backdrop to enjoy the culinary treat on each plate and allowing you to click some pics for your Instagram stories, too.

Moreover, the restaurant takes pride in introducing new adventure flavours and techniques every day; here’s an example: Lick It Up- A dish where Holi Gulal made up of vegetable dyes is served. So, just when you thought gulal was just for playing, this restaurant came up with this innovation. This is not it; the restaurant has more creative, unique, and crazy dishes you cannot miss out on. 

Speciality: Lick it up, Yogurt explosion

Average Cost: 10,000-12,000 INR

2. Nahm

nahm-restaurants-in-thailand
Image Source : Nahm

Nahm is the best Thai restaurant in Bangkok. It is run by Chef David Thompson, who takes pride in serving authentic Thai cuisine. 

The menu is loaded with heritage dishes with vibrant flavours. The aromatic cuisine is a testament to the Thai cuisine. 

This Michelin-starred restaurant is celebrated for its inventive take on traditional Thai cuisine. Nahm’s menu has a harmonious blend of flavours, textures, and spices, showcasing the rich culinary heritage of Thailand.

One of the best dishes of Nahm’s is “Tom Kha” which is made with coconut and galangal soup in the kitchen and is known for its perfect taste of sweet, sour, and spicy notes.  

The ambience at Nahm is elegant yet unpretentious, creating a perfect setting for an unforgettable dining experience.

Speciality:  Tom Yum Goong, Moo Pad Kap

Average Cost: 7000-9000 INR

3. Le Du

le-du-restaurants-in-thailand
Image Source : Le Du

Le Du in Bangkok is a place that offers a modern interpretation of Thai Cuisine with seasonal and locally sourced ingredients. This restaurant in Thailand is committed to using the freshest produce. 

Chef Ton Tassanakajohn at the Le DU  blends the flavours and textures which surprise the delight diners. This restaurant is the perfect place for an elegant dining experience. 

The kitchen emphasises crafting a menu that fuses with Thai ingredients and modern techniques for an extraordinary dining experience.  

The highlight dish of Le Du is the “ Mieng Kham”, which is a delightful snack that features complex flavours and textures in a single bite. The restaurant’s menu comprises innovative Thai cuisine, where each dish is a work of art. 

Speciality: Northern Thai Style Lobster Curry, Grilled duck breast with Tamarind Sauce

Average Cost: 6000-8000 INR

4. Sra Bua by Kiin Kiin

sra-bua-by-kiin-kiin
Image Source : Sra Bua by Kiin Kiin

Sra Bua by kiin kiin is one of the best restaurants in Bangkok, Thailand. The restaurant is run by Chef Henrik Yde Andersen, who mixes Thailand’s diverse and complex flavours. One of the standout dishes is “ Tom Kha”, which is presented well. 

The right flavours of Thai soup are a delight for your taste buds. The restaurant’s menu has options pushing the boundaries of culinary innovation. 

They work by booking in advance to make your experience memorable with personalized services and culinary adventure. The Sra Bua by Kiin Kiin is where food becomes art, engaging all the senses in a mesmerising culinary journey.

Speciality: The Myth of the Tom Yum Kung, The Sound of the Sea”

Average Cost: 8000-10,000 INR

5. David’s Kitchen

david-kitchen-restaurants-in-thailand
Image Source : David's Kitchen

David’s Kitchen in Thailand is a charming and delectable European restaurant. The restaurant highlights the culinary expertise of creating dishes that are a fusion of Flavour and culture. This restaurant is an ideal relaxing place with a cozy and romantic ambience. 

This restaurant in Thailand blends European and Thai flavours, which creates a menu that delights your senses. The ambience at David’s kitchen is warm and cozy, setting up the stage for an intimate meal experience. 

Guests can expect excellent service and an esteemed wine list, complementing the dining experience. 

You can savour the best “Pan Seared Foie Gras, ” created with rich, creamy foie grass and locally sourced ingredients for harmonious flavour blends.

Specailaity:  Beef Wellington, Duck a l’Orange

Average Cost: 5000-6000 INR

6. Suay Restaurant

suay-restaurant
Image Source : Suay Cherngtalay

Suay Restaurant is one of the best restaurants in Phuket that focuses on sustainability and farm-to-table dining. This restaurant has a unique name, Suay, which means beautiful and reflects its ambience. 

The food is cooked with locally sourced ingredients and a modern twist. 

Chef Noi leads the kitchen by creating a menu that celebrates diverse flavours commonly found in Thailand. 

One of Suay’s signature dishes is “crispy duck breast”, made with the fusion of textures and tastes that showcase the restaurant’s innovative approach to Thai cuisine. If you are vegetarian, you can look for vegan options that the Red Curry Sauce never serves.

Speciality:  Andaman Seafood Curry,  Phuket Lobster Thermidor 

Average Cost: 6000-8000 INR

7. Lae Lay Grill

lae-lay-grill
Image Source : Lae Lay Grill

Lae Lay Grill is the best restaurant in Krabi, Thailand. It offers breathtaking views of the Andaman Sea and an exceptional variety of seafood. “ Lae Lay” translates to an excellent Thai day after dining here. You can secure a memorable experience here. 

As the name suggests, “ Lae Lay” means “Chill Out” in Thai, which is the motto of this restaurant. You can go for a lazy dinner, a romantic date, or a family gathering. This place will fill your heart with the ambience and the right flavours. 

One of the standout dishes of Lae Lay is the “Grilled Seafood Platter”, which features an array of freshly fetched seafood prepared well. You can also have classic Thai dishes and beverages to complement your meal.

Speciality: Grilled Lobster with Garlic Butter” and “Pan-Seared Seabass.

Average Cost: 7000-8000 INR

8. The Dining Room

the-dining-room
Image Source : Tripadvisor

The dining room is the exquisite dining experience in the heart of Chiang Mai. This restaurant is ideally located, giving views of the Mae Ping River and creating a romantic atmosphere. It’s a good place for a celebratory meal; the luxurious vibes will win your heart. 

This restaurant is known for its sophisticated ambience and top-notch service. 

If you want to hog onto the international cuisines, you can visit this place for the modern European flavours. 

People love the “Lobster Thermidor” with the most vintage wine for an impressive meal experience. Whether you want to sit indoors or in the terrace view overlooking the lush gardens, you can have a promising meal here. 

Speciality:  Tom Yum Lobster Bisque, Chiang Mai Pork Curry

Average Cost: 5000-6000 INR

9. Red Coral Restaurant

red-coral-restaurant-in-thailand
Image Source : Red Coral Restaurant

 In the resort Let’s Sea Hua Hin Al Fresco Resort, This restaurant is in Hua Hin, Thailand. It is a luxurious seaside escape that combines modern comfort and natural beauty. 

This boutique-themed resort is known for its stunning oceanfront, allowing guests to relax in the beauty. The resort’s restaurant is open to all with exceptionally unique cuisines. 

Here, you can savour diverse Thai and international dishes prepared with fresh ingredients.

The Thai Flavours with the Mediterranean twist and the “Red Curry Duck Breast” is made with the fusion of flavours in this restaurant. The fresh ingredients add to the culinary techniques, making it a fantastic dish. 

Speciality:  Grilled Lobster with Mango Salsa, Red Coral Platter

Average Cost: 8000-9000 INR

10. Bruno’s Restaurant and Wine Bar

bruno-restaurant-in-thailand
Image Source : Bruno’s Restaurant

Bruno’s Restaurant and Wine Bar has been serving mouth-watering European cuisines for over two decades. This restaurant is known for its elegant, warm ambience and exceptional culinary offerings. They also have an extensive list of wines that complement your meal. 

The Swiss Chef Bruno established this Restaurant. European and international dishes inspire the menu. The restaurant’s ambience is warm and welcomes the European charm. You can then have exquisite “ Chateaubriand Steak” flavours with a generous portion and complete your meal with pasta and various dessert options. 

Bruno’s Restaurant Wine and Bar has earned an excellent reputation for its exceptional dining experience for both locals and visitors in Pattaya. 

Speciality: Beef Wellington, Lobster Thermidor

Average Cost: 5000-10,000 INR

11. Cabbages and Condoms

cabbages-and-condoms
Image Source : Times of India

Cabbage and Condoms is an Iconic restaurant in Bangkok known for its unique and socially conscious approach. 

With a name that raises eyebrows and curiosity, this restaurant is known for its commitment to promoting safe sex and supporting various charitable causes. 

The restaurant’s decor is colourful and quirky, featuring different products made of condoms. The ambience is lively, with lush gardens and the whimsical decor. 

This place has authentic Thai dishes which are prepared with locally sourced ingredients. The variety of seafood, curries, and delectable desserts wind many hearts. Guests can dine in the charming garden surrounded by the lush green and relaxing atmosphere.

Speciality: Tom Yum Goong, Green Curry Chicken

Average Cost: 8000-10,000 INR

12. Charm Restaurant

charm-restaurant
Image Source : Tripadvisor

Charm Restaurant is one of the best restaurants in Thailand, Bangkok, a hidden gem. This place has delectable Thai and international fusion cuisine. As the name suggests, Charm Restaurant perfectly captures its enhancing ambience and delightful culinary offerings. 

The charming setting, with cosy seating areas and live music, makes it a favourite among locals and tourists looking for an unforgettable dining experience in Chiang Mai.

The turquoise waters of the Andaman Sea have a beachfront view, known for its fresh seafood and international cuisine.

At Charm Restaurant, guests can savour various dishes, from Thai specialities like “Green Curry” to Western favourites like “Grilled Lobster.” The extensive menu caters to diverse tastes, and the friendly staff ensures a memorable dining experience.

Speciality: Mango Sticky Rice Sushi, Charm Burger

Average Cost: 10,000-12,000 INR

13. The Blue Star Guesthouse & Restaurant

blue-star-guest-house
Image Source : Tripadvisor

The Blue Star Guesthouse & Restaurant is a hidden gem on the tranquil island of Koh Tao in Thailand. This charming guesthouse and restaurant combination offers a peaceful retreat for travellers seeking a serene and laid-back atmosphere.

The Blue Star guesthouse and restaurant offer a delightful dining experience to travellers seeking comfort and tranquillity. 

The charming guest house has delectable dishes inspired by Filipino cuisine. The restaurant’s ambience is perfect for unwinding after exploring El Nido, with al fresco dining under the starry night sky.

Speciality:  Adobo, Blue Star Burger

Average Cost: 8000-10,000 INR

14. Unni’s Restaurant

unni-restaurant-in-thailand
Image Source : Unni’s Restaurant

Unni restaurant is the best restaurant in Bangkok, the culinary gem celebrated for its authentic Korean cuisine. 

The locals and tourists highly appreciate the restaurant’s dedication to delivering the perfect dining experience. Unni specialises in the interactive dining experience, and the restaurant’s cosy ambience creates an ideal setting for indulging in Korean flavours. 

The restaurant has a variety of mouthwatering seafood platters. Unni is committed to using fresh and locally sourced ingredients, which is felt in the flavourful meal bursts. The locals love the restaurants because of their warm and attentive staff. 

Speciality:   Bulgogi, Samgyeopsal

Average Cost: 9000-10,000 INR

15. Barracuda Restaurant & Bar

barracuda-restaurant-and-bar
Image Source : Barracuda Restaurant

Barracuda is one of the best restaurants in Koh Tao, Thailand. You can savour the fresh seafood and Mediterranean cuisine. The restaurant’s beachfront view provides a unique backdrop for enjoying delectable meals. 

The restaurant also boasts an impressive selection of cocktails and wines, making it an ideal spot for a romantic dinner by the sea.

The locals love the wide selection of fresh seafood, succulent grilled Barracuda, prawns, and snappers. The restaurant also has several Thai specialities. You can enjoy a relaxed and laid-back atmosphere with the tables set on the sand. 

The most fantastic part of dining in this restaurant is the sound of the gentle waves and the breathtaking sunset, creating a romantic setting to enjoy with your loved one. The fresh and fusion cocktails will leave you mesmerised. You can sip and swirl it while enjoying the Sun or dipping into the ocean.

Speciality:  Grilled Barracuda, Seafood Paella

Average Cost: 10,000-12,000 INR

16. Bang Bao Seafood

bang-bao-seafood
Image Source : Bang Bao Seafood

Bang Bao is known for its charming fishing village and the charming fishing village on Koh Chang Island. It is celebrated for its rustic charm and delectable seafood. 

The restaurant’s speciality is its fresh catch of the day, displayed in various tanks. Diners can select their preferred seafood, such as prawns, crabs, and fish, which are then expertly prepared to their liking. The laid-back ambience, set over the water with stunning sea views, enhances the overall dining experience, making it a must-visit spot for seafood enthusiasts.

Speciality:  Garlic Butter Prawns, Sweet Chili Crab

Average Cost: 8000-10,000 INR

17. Red Snapper Restaurant & Bar

red-snapper-restaurant-in-thailand
Image Source : Red Snapper Restaurant & Bar

Whether looking for a romantic dinner by the sea or a casual lunch with friends, Red Snapper offers a culinary journey that caters to diverse palates. The restaurant’s inviting ambience, complemented by stunning ocean views, sets the stage for a memorable dining experience. The speciality at Red Snapper is, unsurprisingly, the “Red Snapper” itself. 

This restaurant takes pride in showcasing a range of innovative dishes that blend with the Culinary techniques from the Mediterranean and the Thai Cuisines. 

The exotic seafood like Paekka and the spicy Thai curries with the contemporary dine-in set-up will give you a relishing meal experience.

Live music performances are the cherry on the top. It creates a vibrant atmosphere for those looking to have a fusion of flavours and a lively set-up. 

Speciality:  Seafood Paella, Lamb Kleftiko

Average Cost: 8,000-10,000 INR

18. Tubtim Resort Restaurant

tubtim-resort-restaurant
Image Source : Tubtim Resort Restaurant

Tubtim Resort Restaurant is located in the serene paradise of Koh Samet, Thailand. It is a hidden culinary treasure offering Thai and international cuisines. This beachfront restaurant provides an idyllic setting for guests to dine while enjoying the tranquil sounds of the sea.

Dining at Tubtim Resort Restaurant is a delightful experience, where you can savour delicious meals while gazing at the stunning sunset over the Gulf of Thailand, making it a perfect spot for a romantic dinner or a relaxed beachfront lunch.

The grilled tiger prawns are something that you’ll remember for a lifetime. These sea animals are not easily caught but usually in bulk once seen. The secret ingredient of this dish is peaceful cooking while roasting it with the right spices at the same time. The flavours blend and give you a unique savouring experience.

Speciality: Grilled Tiger Prawns” and “Seafood Tom Yum Soup

Average Cost: 10,000- 12,000 INR

19. Ruen Mai – Phuket

ruen-mai-phuket
Image Source : Ruen Mai - Phuket

Ruen Mai is one of the best restaurants in Phuket. This culinary gem is celebrated for its authentic, superb Thai cuisine. The restaurant has a unique charm transports the diners to the bygone era. The restaurant takes pride in maintaining original recipes with the best dishes and Thai cuisine’s vibrant aromatic essence. 

Dining at Ruen Mai is a culinary delight and a cultural experience, as the restaurant pays homage to Thailand’s culinary heritage. Food enthusiasts seek an authentic and flavorful dining experience. 

Thai dishes here are prepared with precision and love. From the fragrant curries to the spicy stir-fries, every word is uniquely curated and known to be a masterpiece that captures the essence of Thai Culinary traditions.

What sets Ruen Mai apart is its warm and welcoming ambience. The restaurant is designed in a traditional Thai style with elegant wooden architecture and lush greenery, creating a serene and inviting atmosphere.

 Speciality: Pad Thai, Green Curry, Tom Yum Soup.

Average Cost: 10,000- 12,000 INR

20. The Riverside Terrace – A

the-riverside-terrace-a
Image Source : Tripadvisor

The Riverside Terrace is located in the historic city of Thailand and offers unique dining experiences. The restaurant provides a serene setting for the guests to dine in the cultural heritage. Guests can enjoy the array of dishes blended with Thai and international cuisine. 

The Riverside terrace is more of a cultural experience that offers a tranquil escape from the bustling city and cherishes the historical significance of Ayutthaya while enjoying a delightful meal on the riverside. You can eat on the open-air terrace and enjoy the cool breezes with the beautiful river views. The ambience is both romantic and relaxing. 

There is something for everyone, from the gourmet seafood platters to the delicious steak. The restaurant is known for its themed buffet and dinner options, which are loved all around the world. 

Speciality:  Massaman Curry, Som Tum

Average Cost: 8,000- 9,000 INR

21. Blue Spice

blue-spice-resturant-in-thailand
Image Source : Tripadvisor

Blue Spice offers the culinary experience in the heart of Bangkok. With its esteemed reputation, it offers the authentic experience of Thai food. 

The restaurant has a harmonious balance between modernity and traditional Thai aesthetics, with elegant decor and a soothing colour palette. Blue Spice has a welcoming atmosphere with an attentive staff for your comfortable meal experience. 

The menu at the Blue Spice features a variety of dishes, from the Classic Thai curries to the innovative fusion of international cuisines. The famous Pla Rad Prik is something you cannot miss savouring here. 

Its speciality is the secret locally made ingredients that highlight its taste. You can go to this place if you want to celebrate a special occasion or cherish the good cooked food.  

Speciality:  Pla Rad Prik, Tom Yum Goong

Average Cost: 7,000- 8,000 INR

22. Sala Rim Naam 

sala-rim-naam
Image Source : Viator

Thailand’s rich cultural heritage. The restaurant takes pride in the traditional Thai cuisine in a royal setting with classical dance performances and panoramic river views. 

The menu at the Sala Rim Naam is a tribute to Thailand’s royal culinary traditions, which graced the tables of Kings for centuries. 

One of the standout dishes at Sala Rim Naam is the “Kang Keaw Wan Gai” or green curry with chicken. This traditional Thai curry is a symphony of flavours, featuring succulent chicken pieces simmered in a rich and aromatic green curry sauce. The sauce is made with fresh green chillies, fragrant herbs, and creamy coconut milk, creating a harmonious balance of spicy, sweet, and savoury notes. This dish is an authentic Thai culinary masterpiece served with steamed jasmine rice.

 Speciality: Pad Thai, Gaeng Som 

Average Cost: 10,000- 11,000 INR 

23. Raya Restaurant – Phuket

raya-restaurant
Image Source : Tripadvisor

Raya restaurant is a hidden gateway in the heart of Phuket’s old town. This is known to be the oldest restaurant in Phuket, which is famous for its charming eatery and its commitment to preserving the rich flavours of traditional southern Thai cuisine.

It is beautifully held in the Sino-Portuguese building of the restaurant, which has a charm that transports you to the bygone era. These dishes burst with intricate flavours and showcase Southern Thai cuisine’s bold, spicy, and aromatic profiles. This is also an off-beaten culinary path for an adventure in Phuket. 

The must-try dish Gaeng Som Pla is made with tangy and spicy curry with various vegetables and tender fish fillets. The key to its distinctive flavour is tamarind, which lends a delightful sourness to the dish. The curry is also infused with fragrant herbs and spices, creating a complex and deeply satisfying taste.

Speciality:   Moo Hong, Goong Pad Sataw

Average cost: 12,000-13,000

24. Pai – Bangkok

pai-bangkok
Image Source : wikipedia.org

Pai is a trendy restaurant in Bangkok city that offers a contemporary twist on traditional Thai cuisine. It provides a modern, stylish decor that attracts youth and the cosmopolitan crowd with innovative Thai dishes. 

Each dish has its unique flavours and spices.  The restaurant’s chic and vibrant atmosphere, along with its unique take on Thai cuisine, makes it a hotspot for those seeking a modern dining experience in Bangkok.

Khao Soi Gai is a noodle soup with rich, creamy coconut curry broth. Tender chicken is perfectly marinated in this flavorful broth infused with aromatic spices. The dish is served with soft and crispy egg noodles, providing a delightful textural contrast. 

Topped with crunchy fried noodles and fresh herbs, Khao Soi Gai is a harmonious blend of flavours and textures that will transport your taste buds to the northern regions of Thailand.

Speciality:  Green curry Sushi Rolls, 

Average cost: 10,000-12,000

25. Aroon Rai

aroon-rai
Image Source : Tripadvisor

Aroon Rai is in Chiang Mai, an exceptional northern Thai cuisine destination. This is Bangkok’s best local Thai restaurant, which tourists and locals love.

The restaurant’s testament is the region’s culinary heritage. They take pride in serving fresh vegetables with pure herbs and the species. The chilly dip is made with the minced pork and tomatoes. Kang Hang Lay is a rich and aromatic curry featuring tender pork pieces simmered in a fragrant spice blend. 

What sets this dish apart is its use of tamarind, which imparts a subtle tanginess to the curry. The result is a beautifully balanced flavour profile that combines the warmth of spices with gentle acidity. Served with sticky rice, Kang Hang Lay is a culinary delight that captures the essence of Northern Thai cuisine.

Specialty : Nam Prik Ong, Kaeng Hang Lay 

Average cost: 12,000-15,000 INR

Frequently Asked Questions About Best Restaurants in Thailand

1. What types of cuisine are popular in Thailand?

Thailand is renowned for its diverse and delicious cuisine. Some of the most popular Thai dishes include Pad Thai (stir-fried noodles), Tom Yum (spicy soup), Green Curry, Som Tum (papaya salad), and Massaman Curry. Thai cuisine is known for its balance of sweet, sour, salty, and spicy flavours, making it a delightful culinary experience for all palates.

2. Are vegetarian and vegan options available?

Yes, Thailand is quite accommodating to vegetarians and vegans. Many restaurants offer a variety of plant-based dishes, and you’ll find options like tofu-based Pad Thai, vegetable curries, and fresh fruit smoothies readily available. Dedicated vegetarian and vegan restaurants offer many meat-free choices in tourist areas and major cities like Bangkok and Chiang Mai.

3. What's the average cost of a meal?

The average meal cost in Thailand can vary widely depending on where you dine. Street food stalls and local eateries can offer delicious and budget-friendly meals for as low as 100 to 250 Indian Rupees per person. In mid-range restaurants, a meal may cost between 500 to 1,000 Indian Rupees per person. Fine dining establishments or romantic restaurants in upscale areas can range from 1,500 to 5,000 Indian Rupees or more per person, depending on your choices.

4. Are there any romantic restaurants you'd recommend?

Thailand boasts a plethora of romantic dining options. In Bangkok, you can enjoy a romantic rooftop dinner with stunning city views at restaurants like Vertigo and Sirocco. In Phuket, beachfront dining at venues like Mom Tri’s Kitchen or The Boathouse is perfect for couples. Chiang Mai offers charming riverside dining at spots like The Riverside or The Good View. Whether you prefer a candlelit beach dinner or a cosy riverside setting, Thailand has a romantic restaurant to suit your preferences.

Recent Posts

Leave a Comment

snowfall-in-gulmargplaces-to-visit-in-thailand